Bioterrorismo: o "estado da arte" da detecção de agentes patogênicos
Resumo
Apesar do termo bioterrorismo ter ficado mais conhecido mundialmente após o caso ocorrido com esporos de Bacillus anthracis nos EUA em 2001, a utilização de patógenos como arma biológica já estava presente ao longo da história, mesmo que de forma rudimentar. Os agentes mais visados no bioterrorismo são classificados pelo Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) americano de acordo com a prioridade e facilidade de disseminação na população. Os ataques intencionais podem ter grande impacto na população mundial, prejudicando a economia e saúde pública caso não haja infraestrutura e preparo dos países para identificar um surto enfrentar o alastramento de doenças. O avanço da ciência permitiu não somente o desenvolvimento de novas técnicas de detecção, mas também a manipulação de microrganismos. Este trabalho descreve como vem sendo abordado o bioterrorismo através da história até os dias atuais, e quais são as principais tecnologias utilizadas para detecção de um possível ataque, para que se possa haver um planejamento estratégico de combate por parte do governo e sistemas de saúde.
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Referências
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BOOK, G. E. T. T.; TITLES, F. R. BioWatch and Public Health Surveillance. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press, 2011. Disponível em: http://www.nap.edu/catalog/12688.
BUDOWLE, B. et al. Genetic analysis and attribution of microbial forensics evidence. Critical reviews in microbiology, v. 31, n. 4, p. 233–254, 2005.
BUDOWLE, B. et al. Microbial Forensics, Second Edition. 2. ed. [S.l.]: Elsevier Inc, 2011.
CABRAL, B.C.A. et al. Planktonic microbial profiling in water samples from a Brazilian Amazonian reservoir. MicrobiologyOpen, v. 7, p. e523, 2018.
CARDOSO, D. R.; CARDOSO, T. A. DE O. Bioterrorismo: dados de uma história recente de riscos e incertezas. Ciência & Saúde Coletiva, v. 16, n. suppl 1, p. 821–830, 2011. Disponível em:.
CASHMAN, J. NATO Handbook on Medical Aspects of NBC Defensive Operations AMedP- 6 (B). Emergency Response Handbook for Chemical and Biological Agents and Weapons, Second Edition, n. July, p. 471–476, 2008.
CHOL, B. K.; WYSS, C.; GÖBEL, U. B. Phylogenetic analysis of pathogen-related oral spirochetes. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, v. 34, n. 8, p. 1922–1925, 1996.
CHRISTOPHER, L. G. W. Biological Warfare. JAMA, v. 278, n. 5, p. 412, 6 ago. 1997. Disponível em: http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?doi=10.1001/jama.1997.03550050074036.
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CHUNG, E. J. et al. Forest soil metagenome gene cluster involved in antifungal activity expression in Escherichia coli. Applied and environmental microbiology, v. 74, n. 3, p. 723–730, 2008.
CLARRIDGE, J. E.; ALERTS, C. Impact of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis for identification of bacteria on clinical microbiology and infectious diseases. Clin. Microbiol. Rev., v. 17, n. 4, p. 840–862, 2004.
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DUNBAR, J. et al. Perspective on improving environmental monitoring of biothreats. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, v. 6, n. OCT, p. 1–8, 2018.
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FONSECA, J.H. et al. Contrasting the microbiomes from forest rhizosphere and deeper bulk soil from an Amazon rainforest reserve. Gene, v. 642, p. 389-397, 2018.
FRANCIS, O. E. et al. Pathoscope : Species identification and strain attribution with unassembled sequencing data Pathoscope. Genome Research, v. 23, p. 1721–1729, 2013.
FRISCHKNECH, F. The history of biological warfare. EMBO Reports, v. 4, p. 47–52, 2003.
GILCHRIST, C. A. et al. Whole-genome sequencing in outbreak analysis. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, v. 28, n. 3, p. 541–563, 2015.
GOYA, R.; IRMTRAUD, M. M.; MARRA, M. A. Bioinformatics for High Throughput Sequencing. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2012. Disponível em: http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-1-4614-0782-9.
HARRIS, S. Japanese Biological Warfare Research on Humans : A Case Study of Microbiology and Ethics. Annals New York Academy of Sciences, p. 21–52, 1942.
HENDERSON, D. A. The Looming Threat of Bioterrorism. Science, v. 283, n. 5406, p. 1279–1282, 1999.
KANE, S. R.; SHAH, S. R.; ALFARO, T. M. Development of a rapid viability polymerase chain reaction method for detection of Yersinia pestis. Journal of Microbiological Methods, v. 162, n. February, p. 21–27, 2019. Disponível em: https:// doi.org/10.1016/ j.mimet.2019.05.005.
KHAN, A. S. Public health preparedness and response in the USA since 9/11: A national health security imperative. The Lancet, v. 378, n. 9794, p. 953–956, 2011.
KHAN, A. S.; MORSE, S.; LILLIBRIDGE, S. Public-health preparedness for biological terrorism in the USA. The Lancet, v. 356, n. 9236, p. 1179–1182, 5 mar. 2000. Disponível em: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(00)02769-0.
MINOGUE, T. D. et al. Next-generation sequencing for biodefense: Biothreat detection, forensics, and the clinic. Clinical Chemistry, v. 65, n. 3, p. 383–392, 2019.
MOBLEY, C. O. L. J. A.; USAR, M. C. Biological Warfare in the Twentieth Century : Lessons from the Past , Challenges for the Future. Military Medicine, v. 160, n. November, p. 547–553, 1995.
MOORCHUNG, N.; SHARMA, A. K.; MEHTA, S. R. Bioshock: Biotechnology and Bioterrorism. Medical Journal Armed Forces India, v. 65, n. 4, p. 359–362, 2009.
MORSE, S. A.; BUDOWLE, B. Microbial Forensics: Application to Bioterrorism Preparedness and Response. Infectious Disease Clinics of North America, From Duplicate (Microbial Forensics: Application to Bioterrorism Preparedness and Response - Morse, Stephen A; Budowle, Bruce)And Duplicate 3 (Microbial Forensics: Application to Bioterrorism Preparedness and Response - Morse, Stephen A; Budowle, Bruce)Bioterrorism and Bioterrorism PreparednessBioterrorism and Bioterrorism Preparedness, v. 20, n. 2, p. 455–473, 2006. Disponível em: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S089155200600033X.
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF ALLERGY AND INFECTIOUS DISEASES. NIAID Strategic Plan for Biodefense Research. . [S.l: s.n.], 2002. Disponível em: http://biodefense.niaid.nih.gov.
NIXDORFF, K. Biological Weapons Convention. Verifying Treaty Compliance. Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, 2006. p. 107–134. Disponível em: http://link.springer.com/10.1007/3-540-33854-3_6.
NOVOSSIOLOVA, T. Comparing responses to natural, accidental and deliberate biological events. Revue Scientifique et Technique de l’OIE, v. 36, n. 2, p. 647–656, 1 ago. 2017. Disponível em: https://doc.oie.int/dyn/portal/index.seam?page=alo&aloId=35335.
OLIVEIRA, M.; AMORIM, A. Microbial forensics: new breakthroughs and future prospects. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, v. 102, n. 24, p. 10377–10391, 2018.
OSTERHOLM, M. T. Bioterrorism : a Real Modern Threat. In: SHELD, W. M.; CRAIG, W. A.; HUGHES, J. M. (Org.). . Emergiing infections 5. Washington, D.C.: ASM Press, 2001. p. 213–222.
PETTI, C. A; POLAGE, C. R.; SCHRECKENBERGER, P. The Role of 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing in Identi cation of Microorganisms Misidenti ed by Conventional Methods. Society, v. 43, n. 12, p. 6123–6125, 2005.
PINTO, V. N. Bioterrorism: Health sector alertness. Journal of natural science, biology, and medicine, v. 4, n. 1, p. 24–8, 2013. Disponível em: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3633289&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract.
ROTHBERG, J. M. et al. An integrated semiconductor device enabling non-optical genome sequencing. Nature, v. 475, n. 7356, p. 348–352, 2011. Disponível em: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature10242.
SCHMALENBERGER, A.; SCHWIEGER, F.; TEBBE, C. C. Effect of Primers Hybridizing to Different Evolutionarily Conserved Regions of the Small-Subunit rRNA Gene in PCR-Based Microbial Community Analyses and Genetic Profiling. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, v. 67, n. 8, p. 3557–3563, 2001.
SILVA, L. J. DA. Guerra biológica, bioterrorismo e saúde pública. Cadernos de Saúde Pública, v. 17, n. 6, p. 1519–1523, dez. 2001a. Disponível em: http://www.scielo.br/pdf/csp/v17n6/6978.pdf
SILVA, L. J. DA. Guerra biológica, bioterrorismo e saúde pública. Cadernos de Saúde Pública, v. 17, n. 6, p. 1519–1523, dez. 2001b. Disponível em: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0102-311X2001000600023&lng =pt&tlng=pt
SILVA, R. et. al. Microbial enrichment and gene functional categories revealed on the walls of a spent fuel pool of a nuclear power plant . PlosOne v. 13, n. 10, p. e0205228, 2018.
TOROK, T. J. A large community outbreak of salmonellosis caused by intentional contamination of restaurant salad bars. JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association, v. 278, n. 5, p. 389–395, 6 ago. 1997. Disponível em: http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/doi/10.1001/jama.278.5.389.
VALDIVIA-GRANDA, W. A. Biodefense Oriented Genomic-Based Pathogen Classification Systems: Challenges and Opportunities. Journal of Bioterrorism & Biodefense, v. 03, n. 01, p. 1–20, 2012. Disponível em: http://www.omicsonline.org/2157-2526/2157-2526-3-113.digital/2157-2526-3-113.html.
WALSH, M. G.; MOR, S. M.; HOSSAIN, S. The elephant–livestock interface modulates anthrax suitability in India. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, v. 286, n. 1898, p. 20190179, 13 mar. 2019. Disponível em: https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.2019.0179.
WHEELIS, M. Biological Warfare at the 1346 Siege of Caffa. Emerging Infectious Diseases, v. 8, n. 9, p. 971–975, set. 2002. Disponível em: http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/8/9/01-0536_article.htm.
WHO. Laboratory biosafety manual. 3rd. ed. [S.l: s.n.], 2004. Disponível em: http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=qVHfjFlNjzwC&oi=fnd&pg=PP9&dq=Laboratory+biosafety+manual&ots=Qw_FLuZChi&sig=xgd8x9nOBNLlDE5wsH-WAZP6Kw0.
ZHANG, W. et al. Quick identification and quantification of Proteus mirabilis by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays. Annals of Microbiology, v. 63, n. 2, p. 683–689, 2013.
ANSORGE, W. J. Next-generation DNA sequencing techniques. New Biotechnology, v. 25, n. 4, p. 195–203, 2009.
ATLAS, R. M. Bioterrorism: From Threat to Reality. Annual Review of Microbiology, v. 56, n. 1, p. 167–185, out. 2002. Disponível em: http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev.micro.56.012302.160616.
BACON, D. R. Biological Warfare: An Historical Perspective. Seminars in Anesthesia, Perioperative Medicine and Pain, v. 22, n. 4, p. 224–229, 2003.
BOOK, G. E. T. T.; TITLES, F. R. BioWatch and Public Health Surveillance. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press, 2011. Disponível em: http://www.nap.edu/catalog/12688.
BUDOWLE, B. et al. Genetic analysis and attribution of microbial forensics evidence. Critical reviews in microbiology, v. 31, n. 4, p. 233–254, 2005.
BUDOWLE, B. et al. Microbial Forensics, Second Edition. 2. ed. [S.l.]: Elsevier Inc, 2011.
CABRAL, B.C.A. et al. Planktonic microbial profiling in water samples from a Brazilian Amazonian reservoir. MicrobiologyOpen, v. 7, p. e523, 2018.
CARDOSO, D. R.; CARDOSO, T. A. DE O. Bioterrorismo: dados de uma história recente de riscos e incertezas. Ciência & Saúde Coletiva, v. 16, n. suppl 1, p. 821–830, 2011. Disponível em:
CASHMAN, J. NATO Handbook on Medical Aspects of NBC Defensive Operations AMedP- 6 (B). Emergency Response Handbook for Chemical and Biological Agents and Weapons, Second Edition, n. July, p. 471–476, 2008.
CHOL, B. K.; WYSS, C.; GÖBEL, U. B. Phylogenetic analysis of pathogen-related oral spirochetes. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, v. 34, n. 8, p. 1922–1925, 1996.
CHRISTOPHER, L. G. W. Biological Warfare. JAMA, v. 278, n. 5, p. 412, 6 ago. 1997. Disponível em: http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?doi=10.1001/jama.1997.03550050074036.
CHUGH, T. Bioterrorism: Clinical and public health aspects of anthrax. Current Medicine Research and Practice, v. 9, n. 3, p. 110–111, maio 2019. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmrp.2019.05.004.
CHUNG, E. J. et al. Forest soil metagenome gene cluster involved in antifungal activity expression in Escherichia coli. Applied and environmental microbiology, v. 74, n. 3, p. 723–730, 2008.
CLARRIDGE, J. E.; ALERTS, C. Impact of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis for identification of bacteria on clinical microbiology and infectious diseases. Clin. Microbiol. Rev., v. 17, n. 4, p. 840–862, 2004.
CLIFFORD, R. J. et al. Detection of Bacterial 16S rRNA and Identification of Four Clinically Important Bacteria by Real-Time PCR. PLoS ONE, v. 7, n. 11, p. e48558, 2012. Disponível em: http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0048558.
DAMASO, C. R. A. et al. A PCR-based assay for detection of emerging vaccinia-like viruses isolated in Brazil. Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease, v. 57, n. 1, p. 39–46, 2007. Disponível em: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0732889306002860.
DANZIG, R.; PB, B. Why should we be concerned about biological warfare? JAMA, 10.1001/jama.1997.03550050093040, v. 278, n. 5, p. 431–432, 6 ago. 1997. Disponível em: http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1997.03550050093040.
DEFESANET, 2006. Disponivel em: https://www.defesanet.com.br/dqbrn/noticia/20725/ AGROTERRORISMO---Petistas-Acusados-de-propagar-praga-do-Cacau/ Acesso em: 01 de julho de 2020.
DUNBAR, J. et al. Perspective on improving environmental monitoring of biothreats. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, v. 6, n. OCT, p. 1–8, 2018.
FIORAVANTI, C.H., VELHO,L. Fungos, fazendeiros e cientistas em luta contra a vassoura-de-bruxa. Sociologias, Porto Alegre, ano 13, no 27, mai./ago. p. 256-283, 2011.
FONSECA, J.H. et al. Contrasting the microbiomes from forest rhizosphere and deeper bulk soil from an Amazon rainforest reserve. Gene, v. 642, p. 389-397, 2018.
FRANCIS, O. E. et al. Pathoscope : Species identification and strain attribution with unassembled sequencing data Pathoscope. Genome Research, v. 23, p. 1721–1729, 2013.
FRISCHKNECH, F. The history of biological warfare. EMBO Reports, v. 4, p. 47–52, 2003.
GILCHRIST, C. A. et al. Whole-genome sequencing in outbreak analysis. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, v. 28, n. 3, p. 541–563, 2015.
GOYA, R.; IRMTRAUD, M. M.; MARRA, M. A. Bioinformatics for High Throughput Sequencing. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2012. Disponível em: http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-1-4614-0782-9.
HARRIS, S. Japanese Biological Warfare Research on Humans : A Case Study of Microbiology and Ethics. Annals New York Academy of Sciences, p. 21–52, 1942.
HENDERSON, D. A. The Looming Threat of Bioterrorism. Science, v. 283, n. 5406, p. 1279–1282, 1999.
KANE, S. R.; SHAH, S. R.; ALFARO, T. M. Development of a rapid viability polymerase chain reaction method for detection of Yersinia pestis. Journal of Microbiological Methods, v. 162, n. February, p. 21–27, 2019. Disponível em: https:// doi.org/10.1016/ j.mimet.2019.05.005.
KHAN, A. S. Public health preparedness and response in the USA since 9/11: A national health security imperative. The Lancet, v. 378, n. 9794, p. 953–956, 2011.
KHAN, A. S.; MORSE, S.; LILLIBRIDGE, S. Public-health preparedness for biological terrorism in the USA. The Lancet, v. 356, n. 9236, p. 1179–1182, 5 mar. 2000. Disponível em: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(00)02769-0.
MINOGUE, T. D. et al. Next-generation sequencing for biodefense: Biothreat detection, forensics, and the clinic. Clinical Chemistry, v. 65, n. 3, p. 383–392, 2019.
MOBLEY, C. O. L. J. A.; USAR, M. C. Biological Warfare in the Twentieth Century : Lessons from the Past , Challenges for the Future. Military Medicine, v. 160, n. November, p. 547–553, 1995.
MOORCHUNG, N.; SHARMA, A. K.; MEHTA, S. R. Bioshock: Biotechnology and Bioterrorism. Medical Journal Armed Forces India, v. 65, n. 4, p. 359–362, 2009.
MORSE, S. A.; BUDOWLE, B. Microbial Forensics: Application to Bioterrorism Preparedness and Response. Infectious Disease Clinics of North America, From Duplicate (Microbial Forensics: Application to Bioterrorism Preparedness and Response - Morse, Stephen A; Budowle, Bruce)And Duplicate 3 (Microbial Forensics: Application to Bioterrorism Preparedness and Response - Morse, Stephen A; Budowle, Bruce)Bioterrorism and Bioterrorism PreparednessBioterrorism and Bioterrorism Preparedness, v. 20, n. 2, p. 455–473, 2006. Disponível em: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S089155200600033X.
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF ALLERGY AND INFECTIOUS DISEASES. NIAID Strategic Plan for Biodefense Research. . [S.l: s.n.], 2002. Disponível em: http://biodefense.niaid.nih.gov.
NIXDORFF, K. Biological Weapons Convention. Verifying Treaty Compliance. Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, 2006. p. 107–134. Disponível em: http://link.springer.com/10.1007/3-540-33854-3_6.
NOVOSSIOLOVA, T. Comparing responses to natural, accidental and deliberate biological events. Revue Scientifique et Technique de l’OIE, v. 36, n. 2, p. 647–656, 1 ago. 2017. Disponível em: https://doc.oie.int/dyn/portal/index.seam?page=alo&aloId=35335.
OLIVEIRA, M.; AMORIM, A. Microbial forensics: new breakthroughs and future prospects. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, v. 102, n. 24, p. 10377–10391, 2018.
OSTERHOLM, M. T. Bioterrorism : a Real Modern Threat. In: SHELD, W. M.; CRAIG, W. A.; HUGHES, J. M. (Org.). . Emergiing infections 5. Washington, D.C.: ASM Press, 2001. p. 213–222.
PETTI, C. A; POLAGE, C. R.; SCHRECKENBERGER, P. The Role of 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing in Identi cation of Microorganisms Misidenti ed by Conventional Methods. Society, v. 43, n. 12, p. 6123–6125, 2005.
PINTO, V. N. Bioterrorism: Health sector alertness. Journal of natural science, biology, and medicine, v. 4, n. 1, p. 24–8, 2013. Disponível em: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3633289&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract.
ROTHBERG, J. M. et al. An integrated semiconductor device enabling non-optical genome sequencing. Nature, v. 475, n. 7356, p. 348–352, 2011. Disponível em: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature10242.
SCHMALENBERGER, A.; SCHWIEGER, F.; TEBBE, C. C. Effect of Primers Hybridizing to Different Evolutionarily Conserved Regions of the Small-Subunit rRNA Gene in PCR-Based Microbial Community Analyses and Genetic Profiling. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, v. 67, n. 8, p. 3557–3563, 2001.
SILVA, L. J. DA. Guerra biológica, bioterrorismo e saúde pública. Cadernos de Saúde Pública, v. 17, n. 6, p. 1519–1523, dez. 2001a. Disponível em: http://www.scielo.br/pdf/csp/v17n6/6978.pdf
SILVA, L. J. DA. Guerra biológica, bioterrorismo e saúde pública. Cadernos de Saúde Pública, v. 17, n. 6, p. 1519–1523, dez. 2001b. Disponível em: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0102-311X2001000600023&lng =pt&tlng=pt
SILVA, R. et. al. Microbial enrichment and gene functional categories revealed on the walls of a spent fuel pool of a nuclear power plant . PlosOne v. 13, n. 10, p. e0205228, 2018.
TOROK, T. J. A large community outbreak of salmonellosis caused by intentional contamination of restaurant salad bars. JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association, v. 278, n. 5, p. 389–395, 6 ago. 1997. Disponível em: http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/doi/10.1001/jama.278.5.389.
VALDIVIA-GRANDA, W. A. Biodefense Oriented Genomic-Based Pathogen Classification Systems: Challenges and Opportunities. Journal of Bioterrorism & Biodefense, v. 03, n. 01, p. 1–20, 2012. Disponível em: http://www.omicsonline.org/2157-2526/2157-2526-3-113.digital/2157-2526-3-113.html.
WALSH, M. G.; MOR, S. M.; HOSSAIN, S. The elephant–livestock interface modulates anthrax suitability in India. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, v. 286, n. 1898, p. 20190179, 13 mar. 2019. Disponível em: https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.2019.0179.
WHEELIS, M. Biological Warfare at the 1346 Siege of Caffa. Emerging Infectious Diseases, v. 8, n. 9, p. 971–975, set. 2002. Disponível em: http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/8/9/01-0536_article.htm.
WHO. Laboratory biosafety manual. 3rd. ed. [S.l: s.n.], 2004. Disponível em: http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=qVHfjFlNjzwC&oi=fnd&pg=PP9&dq=Laboratory+biosafety+manual&ots=Qw_FLuZChi&sig=xgd8x9nOBNLlDE5wsH-WAZP6Kw0.
ZHANG, W. et al. Quick identification and quantification of Proteus mirabilis by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays. Annals of Microbiology, v. 63, n. 2, p. 683–689, 2013.
Publicado
2021-01-28
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Giordano Dias, V. H., Soares de Moura Neto, R., Dornelas Ribeiro, M., Damaso, C., & Silva, R. (2021). Bioterrorismo: o "estado da arte" da detecção de agentes patogênicos. EsSEX: Revista Científica, 4(6), 15-24. Recuperado de http://ebrevistas.eb.mil.br/RCEsSEx/article/view/5880
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